Tag: Vygotsky

Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Early Childhood: Insights for Early Childhood Educators and Teachers

~ Storykate ~ Leave a comment

“Kate, why do some bubbles pop quickly and others don’t?”

Noah’s question popped up during a morning of science fun at the early learning centre. Children were busy making bubbles—some floated peacefully before bursting, while others seemed to pop almost instantly. I used a secret ingredient – sugar to make one solution more sturdy. Instead of giving Noah a straight answer, I saw this as a perfect opportunity to spark some higher-order thinking and critical thinking in our preschoolers. So, I turned to Noah and the group and asked, “What do you all think? Why do you reckon some bubbles last longer than others?”

This simple question opened up a whole new world of questions, where children and I started to hypothesise, observe, and chat about their ideas—exactly the kind of thinking we want to encourage in our little learners. As Vygotsky intended 🙂

Introduction to Higher-Order Thinking and Critical Thinking in Preschool

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) are so important when it comes to helping young minds grow, especially in early childhood. These skills go way beyond just remembering things; they’re all about analysing, reasoning, solving problems, and thinking creatively. In Australian ELCs, we’re all about fostering these abilities, which line up perfectly with the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF). The EYLF encourages holistic development through play-based learning—something we know works wonders with young children. It also has the whole outcome 4 dedicated to learning and thinking.

Critical thinking in preschool is about helping kids think deeply about what they’re learning, ask questions, and connect ideas. By nurturing critical thinking early on, we set them up for success in problem-solving and decision-making down the track. Moments like Noah’s bubble question aren’t just cute—they’re golden opportunities to guide the children into deeper thinking and understanding.

Understanding Vygotsky’s concept of Higher-Order Thinking

Lev Vygotsky’s theory has had a huge impact on how we approach early childhood education. He highlighted the importance of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development. Vygotsky believed that children learn best when they interact with others, especially when these interactions push them just beyond what they can already do—a concept he called the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

In Noah’s bubble experiment, Vygotsky’s ideas are evident. By asking the children what they thought made some bubbles last longer than others, I wasn’t just starting a conversation—I was guiding them into their ZPD, encouraging them to think critically and explore science in a hands-on, fun way. Things they do not yet know, but definitely can learn through more experiences and discussions.

How to Ask Higher-Order Thinking and Critical Thinking Questions in an Early Childhood Setting

Getting children to engage in higher-order and critical thinking is all about asking the right questions. In Noah’s case, rather than just explaining why some bubbles pop faster, I turned the question back to the group. This invited everyone to think, hypothesise, and explore—a much richer learning experience.

Here’s how you can do the same in your classroom:

  1. Encourage children to think beyond yes-or-no answers. Instead of asking, “Will the colours mix?” try, “What do you think will happen if we mix these two colours?”
  2. Questions like “Why do you think that happened?” get kids to reflect on their experiences and think about cause and effect.
  3. Ask questions that spark creative thinking, such as “What if the bubbles were different shapes? What do you think would happen?”
  4. Challenge children with real-world problems like, “How can we make sure the bubbles don’t pop too quickly next time?” This gets them thinking about solutions and strategies.

Incorporating these types of questions into your daily activities can help children develop the critical thinking skills that are key to their cognitive development.

Assessing Higher-Order Thinking and Critical Thinking Skills in ELC

When it comes to assessing higher-order and critical thinking in young children, it’s all about observations and interactions. After Noah’s bubble experiment, for instance, I’d watch how the children discussed their ideas, tried different ways of blowing bubbles, and thought about what they observed. These interactions give us a window into their developing thinking skills. I will document it in the mind map or use floor books; write it as jottings.

The Role of Language in Developing Higher-Order Thinking and Critical Thinking in Early Childhood

Language plays a big role in helping kids develop higher-order and critical thinking skills. When I asked Noah to explain his thoughts about the bubbles, I encouraged him to organise his ideas, think through his reasoning, and explore new concepts—all of which are key to cognitive growth. Activities that get children talking, telling stories, or describing what they see are great for deepening their understanding and boosting their thinking skills. According to Vygotsky, language and thought are parallel processes that develop in the child’s mind simultaneously. Language propels thinking tenfold.

Higher-Order and Critical Thinking Skills in Play-Based Learning

Play is at the heart of early childhood education, and it’s also a fantastic way to develop higher-order and critical thinking skills. Through play, children naturally engage in activities that require them to experiment, hypothesise, and solve problems. For example, when children build a tall tower with blocks, they’re learning about balance, cause and effect, and spatial relationships. As educators, we can scaffold this learning by asking questions like, “What can we do to make the tower stronger?”

The Role of Scaffolding in Developing Higher-Order and Critical Thinking in Early Childhood

Scaffolding is essential in early childhood education, especially when it comes to developing higher-order and critical thinking skills. In a kindergarten setting, scaffolding means providing just enough support to help children achieve tasks within their ZPD. As they become more confident and capable, we gradually reduce this support, letting them take on more of the learning themselves.

This is an example of scaffolding based on counting

For example, during a tricky puzzle activity, I might start by suggesting which pieces might fit together based on shape or colour. As the child gains confidence, I’d step back, allowing them to explore independently and build their problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.

What do you think about HOTS now?

References

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

How to compare theories of play: Groos vs Vygotsky

~ Storykate ~ Leave a comment

In one of my latest videos debating Vygotsky and Piaget’s perspective, I thought I would add a couple of lines on how I compare theories of early childhood education.

For example, I am going to compare Groos’s classical theory of play and Vygotsky’s (my favourite) theory of play.

The key is to find some similarities first.

Both Groos and Vygotsky recognised the significance of play in child development. They agreed that play is not simply a frivolous activity but serves important functions in promoting learning, socialisation, and overall development. Both theorists acknowledged the role of play in skill development. Groos believed that play allows children to practise and develop essential skills needed for future life, while Vygotsky emphasised play as a tool for cognitive development, particularly in promoting imaginative thinking, problem-solving, and symbolic representation.

Both Groos and Vygotsky talked about the importance of social interaction in play. Groos viewed play as a means for animals, including humans, to interact and learn from each other, while Vygotsky emphasised the role of social interaction in scaffolding cognitive development and facilitating learning within the zone of proximal development.

Both theorists recognised play as a space for creativity and exploration. Groos saw play as a way for children to express themselves and develop their imaginations, while Vygotsky viewed imaginative play as essential for fostering creativity and abstract thinking.

They both shared a fundamental belief in the importance of play as a natural and essential aspect of childhood development.

Then move on to the differences in your analysis, based on how each theorist viewed the role of play, the role of the child, and the nature of play.

AspectGroosVygotsky
Nature of PlayEmphasised biological and evolutionary aspects. Viewed play as a means for practising and developing essential skills.Approached play from a socio-cultural perspective. Saw play as a cultural activity influenced by social and historical factors.
Purpose of PlayPrimarily seen as preparation for future adult roles and responsibilities. Facilitated the development of physical, cognitive, and social skills.Regarded play as a tool for children to explore and understand the world. Served as a scaffold for cognitive development and imaginative exploration.
Role of ImaginationAcknowledged the importance of imagination in simulating real-life situations and behaviours.Placed emphasis on the transformative power of imagination in transcending immediate reality and engaging in symbolic thought.
Here we go – you can now try to compare Spencer to Piaget yourself!

Vygotsky vs Piaget

~ Storykate ~ Leave a comment

Ok, educators, let’s settle this debate: Piaget or Vygotsky. Which camp are you in? Both are absolute legends in the field of cognitive development, but their approaches differ a lot Instead of picking a clear winner, let’s understand their contrasting perspectives for a better picture of how children learn, eh?

Here’s a breakdown of their key differences.

Learning

Both Piaget and Vygotsky are constructivists, which means that they supported the idea of the child learning as constructing meaning about the world. They both viewed children as active learners, and valued the engagement of children and agency.

  • Piaget: Individual Construction: Children actively build their understanding through exploring and interacting with the environment on their own. Think of a child as a little scientist and explorer who plays with toys, car keys, and your hair and learn about the world. They experiment and use schemas to make sense of what is happening.
  • Vygotsky: Social Interaction: Learning primarily happens through social interaction with folks who know more (parents, teachers, mates) in a cultural context. Picture a circle of extended family celebrating something and a child is part of this learning, as they interact with their grandparents, parents, aunties and community members.

The Role of Language

  • Piaget: Language is a secondary tool for expressing internal thoughts after cognitive structures are formed. Using senses during early stages of development and mental tools (for creating schemas) is more important than language.
  • Vygotsky: Language is central to learning. Children’s thinking develops through “inner speech” (talking to themselves) and interacting with others using language. I support this idea of Vygotsky, as I observed how language can facilitate more in-depth learning of the process and the concepts.

Stages of Development

Both Piaget and Vygotsky are developmental theorists, which means they supported the idea of stages and ages, as we say in early childhood education and care.

  • Piaget: Proposed a universal sequence of cognitive stages (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational) where children progress based on maturity and their own interaction with the environment.
  • Vygotsky: Reckoned there’s no one-size-fits-all, emphasising the importance of individual and cultural differences. He still believed in stages of development though.
  • Here are some stages of stable and crisis development according to Vygotsky:
  • 1. Newborn Crisis (up to 2 months):
  • This is a period of rapid physical and neurological development.
  • Newborns are highly dependent on their carers for survival.
  • They exhibit reflexive behaviours and begin to develop sensory awareness.
  • 2. Infancy (up to 1 year):
  • During this stage, infants develop motor skills and begin to explore their surroundings.
  • They start to vocalise and use simple gestures to communicate.
  • Trust and attachment with carers become crucial for emotional development.
  • 3. Crisis of 1 Year:
  • This period marks the beginning of toddlerhood.
  • Children become more independent and start to assert their will.
  • They may experience negativism and tantrums as they test their boundaries.
  • 4. Early Childhood (1-3 years):
  • This is a time of rapid language development and cognitive growth.
  • Children start to engage in imaginative play and learn to use tools.
  • They develop self-awareness and begin to understand their place in the world.
  • 5. Crisis of 3 Years:
  • This crisis marks the transition to preschool age.
  • Children become more independent and start to develop their own interests.
  • They may experience sibling rivalry and begin to question authority figures.
  • 6. Preschool Age (3-7 years):
  • During this stage, children develop social skills and learn to cooperate with others.
  • They start to understand rules and develop a sense of morality.
  • They also develop preoperational thinking and start to use symbols to represent objects and ideas.
  • 7. Crisis of 7 Years:
  • This crisis marks the transition to school age.
  • Children become more independent and start to develop their own identity.
  • They may experience school anxiety and begin to question their abilities.
  • 8. School Age (7-13 years):
  • During this stage, children develop concrete operational thinking and start to understand cause-and-effect relationships.
  • They become more interested in learning and start to develop their own interests and talents.
  • They also develop peer relationships and begin to understand social dynamics.
  • He introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the range of tasks a child can do with help but not yet on their own, which guides learning.

Implications for early childhood education

  • Piaget: Favours an environment rich in exploration and discovery, where children can learn at their own pace. Encourages us to learn about schemas and set up play spaces that support this schema learning. Encourages play as the key instrument of discovery.
  • Vygotsky: Recommends guided learning through social interaction and scaffolding, where adults provide temporary support to help children reach their full potential. Encourages social play and pretend play, as very important tools for learning.

Implications for observations

Piaget

  • Focus: Observing children’s individual exploration and play:
    • Activities: Observe how children interact with materials, solve problems independently, and experiment during free play and structured activities.
    • Interpretations: Look for evidence of children’s stage-appropriate cognitive development, such as:
      • Sensorimotor: Object permanence, cause-and-effect relations.
      • Preoperational: Symbolic thinking, egocentric thinking.
      • Concrete Operational: Logical thinking about concrete objects.
      • Formal Operational: Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
  • Benefits:
    • Provides a framework for understanding individual differences in development.
    • Highlights the importance of creating environments that foster curiosity and exploration.
  • Limitations:
    • May overlook the influences of social interaction and cultural context on learning.
    • Stages are not always clear-cut and children may exhibit behaviors across different stages.

Vygotsky

  • Focus: Observing children’s social interactions and communication:
    • Activities: Observe how children interact with peers and adults, use language to express themselves, and collaborate on tasks.
    • Interpretations: Look for evidence of how social interaction and scaffolding support children’s learning in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
      • ZPD: The range of tasks a child can accomplish with assistance but not independently.
      • Observe how adults and peers provide support to help children learn new skills and broaden their understanding.
  • Benefits:
    • Emphasises the importance of social interaction and cultural context in learning.
    • Highlights the need for scaffolding to support children’s development within their ZPD.
  • Limitations:
    • May not fully account for individual differences in learning styles and preferences.
    • Overemphasis on scaffolding might hinder children’s development of independent problem-solving skills. As an educator, you need to have a very good understanding of the current ZPD of the child.

Holistic learning

As you can see, both theorists are different, yet the ideas are proven by time and are still valid. Instead of looking for a winner, let’s consider using their theories together.

  • Observe children’s individual exploration and social interactions.
  • Create environments supporting play, especially schema play and symbolic play.
  • Develop language and consider how language can support learning (use it for scaffolding).
  • Consider the interplay between individual development, social interaction, and cultural context.
  • Use observations to inform decisions about creating an environment that fosters both independent learning and opportunities for collaboration and scaffolding.

What do you think, teachers and educators? Go ahead and comment!

The Tools of the Mind Approach

~ Storykate ~ Leave a comment

Have you heard about the tools of the mind approach based on Lev Vygotsky’s theory?

Listen up – you may like it !!!

Tools of the Mind” is a curriculum developed by Elena Bodrova and Deborah J. Leong. When I studied at Monash University, we watched videos created by the researchers and analysed ZPD and scaffolding with relevant examples.

I think that’s why I have a strong understanding of sociocultural theory.

The tools of the mind approach focuses on promoting self-regulation and cognitive development in early childhood through play and intentional teaching.

Here are some key features:

Vygotskian Principles: The curriculum is heavily influenced by Vygotsky’s ideas, particularly the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and the role of social interactions in learning. As Bodrovq quotes Vygotsky, in play child is always ahead of his current abilities.

Play-Based Learning: It places a strong emphasis on play as a vehicle for learning. Play activities are carefully designed to support children’s cognitive and social-emotional development. For example, imaginative play of superheroes is encouraged, so as home corner play etc.

Scaffolding: Teachers play a crucial role in providing “scaffolding” to support children in their ZPD. This involves tailoring support to the individual needs of each child, helping them move toward more complex tasks. As an early childhood professional, I support that!

Cultural and Symbolic Tools: The curriculum incorporates cultural and symbolic tools, such as literacy and numeracy activities, to enhance children’s understanding of their environment and promote cognitive growth. I will talk more about cultural tools in my next post.

Integrated Curriculum: Tools of the Mind integrates various subjects into the curriculum, recognising the interconnectedness of different domains of development. Holistic learning in other words.

Focus on Executive Functions: The program places a specific emphasis on developing executive functions like working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, which are crucial for learning and life success. In the video I am attaching, Deborah Leong is talking a lot about Executive Function in depth.

What do you think about the Tools of mind approach?

Storykate

Why do we need intentional teaching in early childhood education and care?

~ Storykate ~ Leave a comment

Do you know how Storykate is a big fan of socio-cultural theory by Lev Vygotsky?

I’ll give you an example of why I believe that scaffolding and teaching cultural tools are important in my philosophy as well.

I like Vygotsky not because he was a Soviet psychologist but because he provided us with his framework that still works, so according to social-cultural theory, social interaction and cultural transmission are important sources of knowledge.

When I was at university, we were given an example of how young street vendors in Brazil learn to count really well while selling goods, and these children did not go to school.

Is it a proposition not to go to school?

Does it mean that mathematical skills can be learned through observations or practice? Yes, and no!👩‍🎓

Hear me out!

The researchers were quite interested in the skills of the street vendors; they could easily perform simple arithmetic with 98% accuracy while buying and selling, including 2 and 3-digit numbers. They did addition and subtraction fast and well. When they were asked to write it down or understand arithmetic with mathematical notation, in other words, written down, they didn’t fail exactly, but their accuracy dropped to 37%. I like this example! Australian school children can perform the following two problems, and solve them. A boy wants to buy three chocolates that cost 50 coins each. How much money does he need? And the second problem is, ‘Another boy wants to buy 50 chocolates, this costs three coins each. How much money does he need?’

You can replace coins with cents or whatever currency you are using; if you think about it, it’s just a very simple problem from the point of an adult learner.

School children solve the problems with multiplication: 3×50 and were able to solve the second problem really well because they knew and understood that 3×50 = 50×3; they knew equations. In contrast, the children from the streets, the young street vendors from Brazil, were not able to use this fast method, so they used addition in both cases.

It means that teaching explicitly through scaffolding is what we have teachers for, including preschool teachers. Teachers help to move fast, solve problems more effectively, and learn cultural tools through interaction. Children at school learn how to do the equations and how to do multiplication because they went to school. Children should talk about how they solve the problem because they learn by reasoning. According to Vygotsky, the teacher also scaffolds this type of learning by modelling, providing prompts, and practicing. What about vendors? They learn it through practice, which is a wonderful way to learn as well, according to modern scientists like Marilyn Fleer, who is also a supporter of social-cultural theory. Concepts can be better introduced even at the preschool level if you are intentional.

Scaffolding is an important teaching strategy and we MUST use it in addition to play or self-paced learning.

WHAT DO YOU THINK, EDUCATORS?